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Jōsei Toda
was an educator, peace activist and second president of Soka Gakkai from 1951 to 1958. Imprisoned for two years during World War II under the charge of lèse-majesté, he emerged from prison intent on rebuilding the Soka Gakkai. He has been described as the architect of the Soka Gakkai,〔McLaughlin (2012), p. 283〕 the person chiefly responsible for its existence today. Toda was the disciple of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi and mentor of Daisaku Ikeda, respectively the first and third presidents of the Soka Gakkai. Toda's leadership in building the Soka Gakkai is the theme of Ikeda's 12-volume roman à clef, "The Human Revolution" (Ningen kakumei)〔Ikeda (2004)〕〔Ikeda, Daisaku (1999-2006). The Human Revolution (six volumes). Weatherhill, Inc. Vol.1 0-8348-0074-8, Vol.2 0-8348-0087-X, Vol.3 0-8348-0118-3, Vol.4 0-8348-0175-2, Vol.5 0-8348-0198-1, Vol.6 0-8348-0361-5〕 which has sold millions of copies.
== Early life ==
Toda was born in 1900, the eleventh son of a poor fisherman in the village of Shioya, Ishikawa, off the Sea of Japan. In 1904 his family moved to Hokkaido, settling in the remote fishing village of Atsuta in the province of Ishikari. His education was disrupted after finishing primary school due to his need to move to Sapporo and start working at the age of 15.〔Urbain (), p. 51. "Toda had to work as an apprentice for a wholesale dealer in Sapporo at the age 15, pulling a heavy cart, packaging and distributing goods. At the time when Toda was raised in Atsuta, the atmosphere of the city was staunchly traditional, most of the inhabitants being survivors of the 1868 Meiji Restoration who had resisted the winds of change, preferring to hold on to the old waqys of the Edo Era. In contrast, the city of Sapporo was bustling with influences from the US and the West, following Japan's opening to the outside world in the latter part of the nineteenth century" (quoted from Shiohara, 2008a)〕 An autodidactic learner, he studied on his own and at age 17 passed an examination certifying him as a substitute teacher.〔Murata (), p. 85.〕 In 1920 he moved to Tokyo where he met Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, an elementary school principal, who was to become his mentor. He taught for Makiguchi until 1922 when he became a private afterschool owner and entrepreneur.〔Murata (), p. 86.〕
Toda and his wife suffered the loss of a 6-month old daughter in 1923 and his wife died two years later from tuberculosis. Toda contracted the same illness as well and was often ill.
His financial fortunes changed with the successful publication and reception of his arithmetic tutorial book.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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